The 19th Amendment guarantees American women the right to vote. Achieving this milestone required a lengthy and difficult struggle; victory took decades of agitation. Beginning in the midth century, woman suffrage supporters lectured, wrote, marched, lobbied, and practiced civil disobedience to achieve what many Americans considered radical change.
Between , when the amendment was first introduced in Congress, and , when it was ratified, champions of voting rights for women worked tirelessly, but their strategies varied. Some tried to pass suffrage acts in each state—nine western states adopted woman suffrage legislation by Such a stance led to a break with their abolitionist allies, like Douglass, and ignored the distinct viewpoints and goals of Black women, led by prominent activists like Sojourner Truth and Frances E.
Harper , fighting alongside them for the right to vote. As the fight for voting rights continued, Black women in the suffrage movement continued to experience discrimination from white suffragists who wanted to distance their fight for voting rights from the question of race.
The turn of the 20th century brought renewed momentum to the women's suffrage cause. These tactics succeeded in raising awareness and led to unrest in Washington, D. The organization staged numerous demonstrations and regularly picketed the White House , among other militant tactics. As a result of these actions, some group members were arrested and served jail time. When the amendment came up for vote, Wilson addressed the Senate in favor of suffrage.
Another year passed before Congress took up the measure again. On May 21, , U. Representative James R. Mann, a Republican from Illinois and chairman of the Suffrage Committee, proposed the House resolution to approve the Susan Anthony Amendment granting women the right to vote. The measure passed the House to 89—a full 42 votes above the required two-thirds majority. Two weeks later, on June 4, , the U. Senate passed the 19th Amendment by two votes over its two-thirds required majority, The amendment was then sent to the states for ratification.
Within six days of the ratification cycle, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin each ratified the amendment. Kansas , New York and Ohio followed on June 16, By March of the following year, a total of 35 states had approved the amendment, just shy of the three-fourths required for ratification. It was up to Tennessee to tip the scale for woman suffrage. Burn, a Republican from McMinn County, to cast the deciding vote.
Although Burn opposed the amendment, his mother convinced him to approve it. On August 26, , the 19th Amendment was certified by U. Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby, and women finally achieved the long-sought right to vote throughout the United States.
On November 2 of that same year, more than 8 million women across the U. It took over 60 years for the remaining 12 states to ratify the 19th Amendment. Mississippi was the last to do so, on March 22, Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Read radical stories of women's fight for the vote written by a host of subject matter experts.
Bet you learn something new! Find out how the 15th and 19th suffrage Amendments are deeply connected in our history of civil rights in the United States. Express your creative side with kids activities relating to women's history and women's suffrage.
Follow the race to the ratification of the 19th Amendment. As each state ratifies or rejects the amendment, find their stories here. Explore the state histories of the ratification of the 19th Amendment and women's right to vote. Explore the ratification of the 19th Amendment throughout the US, from the first state in to the last state in plus 2!
A collection of lesson plans for teachers to engage with the 19th Amendment and Woman Suffrage with their students. When a small group of women gathered in Seneca Falls, NY in , they galvanized a movement for women's suffrage.
Suffragists traveled the US by train bringing attention to the fight for voting rights. Show 10 40 per page. Explore This Park. Women's History. Explore Suffrage Stories and Connections.
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